音标与发音 Phonetics and Pronunciation
音标详解 Phonetics in detail
在中文里,每个音节均由 首音
和 韵
组成。首音
分为 声母
和 韵头(介音)
,韵
分为 韵腹(核音)
和 韵尾(尾音)
。参考来源
In Mandarin, each syllable is composed of Onset
and Rhyme
. The Onset
is divided into Initial
and Medial
, while Rhyme
is divided into Nucleus
and Ending
. Reference source
对于声母而言,不送气的声母VC部分合并至送气声母的VC部分中,将原始的23个声母整合为17个。
For the initials, the unaspirated initials’ VC parts are merged into the VC parts of the aspirated initials, consolidating the original 23 initials into 17.
韵头有四种情况: 无韵头
, i-
, u-
, ü-
;
韵尾有五种情况: 无韵尾
, -i
, -u
, -n
, -ng
;
韵腹共有14个。
There are four cases of Medial: No Medial
, i-
, u-
, ü-
;
five cases of Ending: No Ending
, -i
, -u
, -n
, -ng
;
and 14 Nuclei in total.
CVVC语音库的特点是,在元音延长部分的末尾,即韵腹韵尾的交界处进行一次拼接。因此,可以将韵母按照韵头韵腹、韵腹韵尾分别进行组合。 CVVC voice library is characterized by a single splicing at the end of the vowel extension, where between Nucleus and Ending. Therefore, the finals can be combined separately according to Medial-Nucleus and Nucleus-Ending.
可能的韵头 Possible Medials | 韵腹(X-SAMPA) Nuclei in X-SAMPA | 可能的韵尾 Possible Endings | 可组合的韵母 Possible Vowels |
---|---|---|---|
∅, i-, u- | a | ∅, -i, -n | a, ai, an, ia, ua, uai, uan |
∅, i-, u- | A | -u, -ng | ao, ang, iao, iang, uang |
u- | o | ∅ | o/uo |
∅, i- | U | -ng | ong, iong |
∅ | 7 | ∅ | e |
∅, i-, u-, ü- | e | ∅, -i | ê, ei, ui, ie, üe |
i-, ü- | E | -n | ian, üan |
∅, i-, u- | @ | -u, -n, -ng | ou, en, eng, iu, un, ueng |
∅ | @` | ∅ | er |
∅ | i | ∅, -n, -ng | i, in, ing |
∅ | i\ | ∅ | i (z c s) |
∅ | i` | ∅ | i (zh ch sh r) |
∅ | u | ∅ | u |
∅ | y | ∅,-n | ü, ün |
VV部分的第二个韵母按照韵腹整合为a
A
e
ei
@
er
v
7个。
The second vowels in the VV parts are integrated into 7 categories according to their nucleus: a
A
e
ei
@
er
v
.
韵头韵腹组合 / Medial-Nucleus Combanations:
- a, ia, ua, A, iA, uA;
- @, i@, u@, ong, iong;
- ei, ui, ie, ue, ian, uan;
- e, er, i, i0, ir, u/o/uo, ü
共24个,与声母结合后可产生274个CV组合。Lite及VCV表将
ian
uan
并入ie
ue
,总计259个CV组合。
In total of 24. Combined with Inintal, it can produce 274 CV combinations. Lite and VCV Reclist will combineian
uan
intoie
ue
, in total of 259 CV combinations.
韵腹韵尾组合 / Nucleus-Ending Combanations:
- ai/ei -> :i, ao/ou -> :u;
- an/en/in/en0/ün -> n;
- ang/eng/ing/ong -> ng;
- a, o, e, e0, er, i, i0, ir, u, ü
共23个。Full表与中文CVVC韵尾一致,而Lite及VCV表则会将粗斜体的韵尾并入
:i
:u
n
ng
中,整合后个数14个。
In total of 23. The Full Reclist is consistent with the Chinese CVVC ending, while the Lite and VCV Reclist will incorporate the bold-italicized ending into:i
:u
n
ng
, In total of 14 after integration.
发音指导 Pronunciation instruction
对于非中文母语者而言,想掌握汉语拼音的一个难处在于每个字母可能对应多个不同的发音。
For non-native Chinese speakers, one of the difficulties in mastering Hanyu Pinyin is that each letter may correspond to multiple different sounds.
不过好消息是,录制用于歌唱的语音库不需要考虑音调的问题。
The good news, though, is that recording a voice library for singing doesn’t need to take into account the pitch.
你可以通过现有的语音库来指导发声,或者搜索相关的教学视频。
You can use your existing voice library to guide vocalization, or search for relevant instructional videos.
您可以参考发音记号表以便从其它语言中获得与普通话相近的发音。
You can refer to the Symbol Charts to get pronunciations similar to Mandarin from other languages.
下面会简单讲解一下每个拼音的发音。
The following will briefly explain the pronunciation of each pinyin.
b/p,d/t,g/k
这三对拼音以浊音字母表示不送气的清辅音,以清音字母表示送气的清辅音。例如,b
的发音就是英语里不送气的p
,而p
的发音则是英语里送气的p
。
These three pairs of pinyin use voiced letters to represent the unaspirated unvoiced consonants, and unvoiced letters to represent the aspirated unvoiced consonants. For example, the b
is pronounced as the unaspirated p
in English, and the p
is pronounced as the aspirated p
in English.
m,f,n,l,h
前四个拼音与英文中对应的发音完全一致。h
为清软腭擦音,即西班牙语里的h
。不过,中国南方地区的普通话也会将其读作英语里的h
。
The first four pinyin sounds are exactly the same as their English counterparts. The h
is a voiceless velar fricative, which is the h
in Spanish. However, Mandarin in southern China also pronounces it as the h
in English.
z/c,s
前两个分别是英语中不送气和送气的ts
,最后一个与英语中的s
相同。 The first two are the ts
for unaspirated and aspirated in English, respectively, and the last one is the same as the s
in English.
j/q,x
前两个更像日语里的chi(ち)
,同样也是一个不送气一个送气。最后一个更像日语里的shi(し)
。中国的部分流行歌手会故意把这三个音发成zh/ch,sh
,这是比较有争议的发音改动。
The first two are more like the Japanese word for chi (ち)
, which is also an unaspirated and an aspirated. The last one is more like the Japanese word for shi(し)
. Some Chinese pop singers will deliberately pronounce these three sounds as zh/ch,sh
, which is a more controversial pronunciation change.
zh/ch,sh/r
虽然不是同一个音标,但是第一对会更像英语里的tʃ
,就像Church
里的ch
一样,也是一个不送气一个送气。
Although it is not the same phonetic alphabet, the first pair will be more like the tʃ
in English, like the ch
in Church
, one is one without aspiration and one aspirated.
第二对则更像英语里的ʃ
和ʒ
,sh
比较像英语share
里的sh
,r
比较像英语里measure
中s
的发音。需要注意的是,这只是近似的音标。它们正确的音标应该是tʂ
tʂʰ
ʂ
和ʐ
。
The second pair is more like the ʃ
and ʒ
in English, the sh
is more like the sh
in share
, and the r
is more like the s
in measure
. It is important to note that this is only an approximate phonetics. Their correct phonetics should be tʂ
, tʂh
, ʂ
and ʐ
.
y(i-),w(u-)
当韵母i
u
或者韵头为i-
u-
的韵母单独作为一个音节时,它们会被写作y
和w
。它们和英语里y
w
的发音几乎一样。
When the vowels i
u
or the vowels with the medial i-
u-
are used as a single syllable, they are written as y
and w
. They are almost identical to the y
and w
pronunciations in English.
a,o,e,i,u,ü
这六个是汉语中的单韵母。
These six are the single vowels in Chinese.
a
o
i
与日语中的a
o
i
相同。不过,日常发音中的o
更偏向于uo
,即使是与声母组合时(如bo
po
mo
fo
)也如此。此外,i
在zi
ci
si
中的发音更靠后(ɨ
),在zhi
chi
shi
ri
中的发音具有卷舌(ɨ˞
)。这两者的声音听起来可能会比较像日语的u
。
a
o
i
is the same as a
o
i
in Japanese. However, the o
in everyday pronunciation is more likely to be uo
, even when combined with initials (e.g. bo
, po
, mo
, fo
). In addition, the i
is pronounced more back in zi
, ci
, si
(ɨ
), and the pronunciation in zhi
chi
shi
ri
has a curly tongue (ɨ˞
). The sound of both may sound more like the Japanese u
.
e
在单独出现时的发音为ɤ
,这个发音有点像cup
中的u
。u
的发音与英语who
中的原因相同。ü
的发音同法语的u
或者德语的ü
,这个拼音在同j
q
x
组合时会写作u
,单独作为一个音节时会写作yu
,只有在同n
l
组合时才会写为ü
。这种情况在日常打字及本录音表中会记作v
。
The e
is pronounced ɤ
when it appears alone, which is a bit like the u
in cup
. The pronunciation of u
is the same as in the English who
. The pronunciation of ü
is the same as the French u
or the German ü
, and this pinyin is written as u
when combined with j
, q
and x
, and yu
when it is used as a syllable alone, which is only written as ü
when combined with n
and l
. This is noted as v
in everyday typing and in this recording sheet.
ai,ei,ui,ao,ou,iu
这些双元音在英语中都可以找得到。ai
的发音就像字母I
,ei
的发音就像字母A
,ao
的发音就像now
中的ow
,不过a
的发音更靠后(ɑ
),ou
的发音就像字母O
。ui
和iu
实质上是uei
和iou
的缩写。uei
的发音类似way
,而iou
的发音则更像yogurt
的第一个音节(jəu-gət
)。请注意,它与字母U
或者英语you
的发音(ju:
)不同。
These diphthongs can be found in English. ai
is pronounced like the letter I
, ei
is pronounced like the letter A
, ao
is pronounced like ow
in now
, but the a
is pronounced more back (ɑ
), and ou
is pronounced like the letter O
. ui
and iu
are essentially abbreviations of uei
and iou
. uei
is pronounced like way
, while iou
is pronounced more like the first syllable of yogurt
(jəu-gət
). Note that it is not the same as the letter U
or the English pronunciation of you
(ju:
).
ie,üe,er
e
在前两个拼音中的发音类似bed
中的e
。ie
的发音与yes
中的ye
相同,而üe
的发音就是由ü
滑向e
。er
是儿化音,发音类似better
里的er
。此外,由于这里不会发生u
ü
混淆,因此录音表中将üe
写作ue
,即使在lue
nue
中也是如此。
The pronunciation of e
in the first two pinyin is similar to the e
in bed
. The ie
is pronounced the same as the ye
in yes
, and the üe
is pronounced from ü
to e
. er
is a rhotic sound, which is pronounced like the er
in better
. Also, since the u
ü
confusion does not occur here, the üe
is written as ue
in the recording sheet, even in lue
nue
.
an,en,in,un,ün
这几个是前鼻音,它们分别是对应的韵母同n
结合而成的。需要注意的是,en
中的e
在这里发ə
的音,类似London
的第二个音节。而un
是uen
的缩写,它的发音更像是轻读时的when
。此外,由于l
n
不会在常用音节中与ün
结合,录音表中的ün
均被写为un
。
These are prenasal sounds, and they are formed by combining the corresponding finals with n
, respectively. It should be noted that the e
in en
is pronounced ə
here, similar to the second syllable of London
. And un
is an abbreviation of uen
, and its pronunciation is more like when
when pronounced lightly. In addition, since l
n
is not combined with ün
in common syllables, ün
in the Reclist is written as un
.
需要注意的是,当an
与i-
ü-
组合时,a
的发音将变为ɛ
,更像dress
中的e
。不过,同u-
组合的时候不会发生这种音变。此外,由于l
n
不会在常用音节中与üan
结合,录音表中的üan
均被写为uan
。
It should be noted that when an
is combined with i-
and ü-
, the pronunciation of a
will change to ɛ
, more like the e
in dress
. However, this change does not occur when combined with u-
. In addition, since l
n
is not combined with üan
in common syllables, üan
in the Reclist is written as uan
.
ang,eng,ing,ong
这几个是后鼻音,它们分别是对应的韵母同ng
结合而成的。需要注意的是,ang
中的a
在这里发ɑ
的音,像tongue
不过口型更大,eng
中的e
在这里发ə
的音,像melancholy
中的第二个音节,ong
中的o
在这里发ʊ
的音。
These are post-nasal sounds, and they are formed by combining the corresponding finals with ng
, respectively. It should be noted that the a
in ang
pronounces ɑ
here, like a tongue
but the mouth is more open, the e
in eng
pronounces ə
here, like the second syllable in melancholy
, and the o
in ong
pronounces ʊ
here.