音标与发音 Phonetics and Pronunciation

音标详解 Phonetics in detail

在中文里，每个音节均由 首音和 韵组成。首音分为 声母和 韵头(介音)，韵分为 韵腹(核音)和 韵尾(尾音)。参考来源
In Mandarin, each syllable is composed of Onset and Rhyme. The Onset is divided into Initial and Medial, while Rhyme is divided into Nucleus and Ending. Reference source

韵头有四种情况： 无韵头, i-, u-, ü-；
韵尾有五种情况： 无韵尾, -i, -u, -n, -ng；
韵腹共有14个。
There are four cases of Medial: No Medial, i-, u-, ü-;
five cases of Ending: No Ending, -i, -u, -n, -ng;
and 14 Nuclei in total.

CVVC语音库的特点是，在元音延长部分的末尾，即韵腹韵尾的交界处进行一次拼接。因此，可以将韵母按照韵头韵腹、韵腹韵尾分别进行组合。 CVVC voice library is characterized by a single splicing at the end of the vowel extension, where between Nucleus and Ending. Therefore, the finals can be combined separately according to Medial-Nucleus and Nucleus-Ending.

可能的韵头 Possible Medials	韵腹(X-SAMPA) Nuclei in X-SAMPA	可能的韵尾 Possible Endings	可组合的韵母 Possible Vowels
∅, i-, u-	a	∅, -i, -n	a, ai, an, ia, ua, uai, uan
∅, i-, u-	A	-u, -ng	ao, ang, iao, iang, uang
u-	o	∅	o/uo
∅	7	∅	e
∅	i	∅, -n, -ng	i, in, ing
∅	u	∅	u
∅	y	∅,-n	ü, ün
∅, i-, u-, ü-	e	∅, -i	ê, ei, ui, ie, üe
i-, ü-	E	-n	ian, üan
∅, i-, u-	@	-u, -n, -ng	ou, en, eng, iu, un, ueng
∅	@`	∅	er
∅	i\	∅	i (z c s)
∅	i`	∅	i (zh ch sh r)
∅, i-	U	-ng	ong, iong

韵头韵腹组合 / Medial-Nucleus Combanations:

• a, ia, ua;
• A, iA, uA;
• @, i@, u@;
• ei, ui, ie, ue, ian, uan;
• ong, iong;
• e, er, u/o/uo, ü, i, i0, ir

共24个，与声母结合后可产生274个CV组合。Lite及VCV表将ian uan并入ie ue，总计259个CV组合。
In total of 24. Combined with Inintal, it can produce 274 CV combinations. Lite and VCV Reclist will combine ian uan into ie ue, in total of 259 CV combinations.

韵腹韵尾组合 / Nucleus-Ending Combanations:

• a, ai/ei(Lite) or :i(VCV), ao/ou(Lite) or :u(VCV);
• an/en(Lite) or n(VCV)/in/en0/ün;
• ang/eng(Lite) or ng(VCV)/ing/ong;
• e, e0, er;
• i, i0, ir;
• o, u, ü

共23个。Full表与中文CVVC韵尾一致，而Lite及VCV表则会将粗斜体的韵尾并入 ei / :i, ou / :u, en / n, eng / ng中，整合后个数14个。
In total of 23. The Full Reclist is consistent with the Chinese CVVC ending, while the Lite and VCV Reclist will incorporate the bold-italicized ending into ei / :i, ou / :u, en / n,eng / ng, In total of 14 after integration.

发音指导 Pronunciation instruction

对于非中文母语者而言，想掌握汉语拼音的一个难处在于每个字母可能对应多个不同的发音。
For non-native Chinese speakers, one of the difficulties in mastering Hanyu Pinyin is that each letter may correspond to multiple different sounds.
不过好消息是，录制用于歌唱的语音库不需要考虑音调的问题。
The good news, though, is that recording a voice library for singing doesn’t need to take into account the pitch.
你可以通过现有的语音库来指导发声，或者搜索相关的教学视频。
You can use your existing voice library to guide vocalization, or search for relevant instructional videos.

您可以参考发音记号表以便从其它语言中获得与普通话相近的发音。
You can refer to the Symbol Charts to get pronunciations similar to Mandarin from other languages.

下面会简单讲解一下每个拼音的发音。
The following will briefly explain the pronunciation of each pinyin.

b/p,d/t,g/k

这三对拼音以浊音字母表示不送气的清辅音，以清音字母表示送气的清辅音。例如，b的发音就是英语里不送气的p,而p的发音则是英语里送气的p。
These three pairs of pinyin use voiced letters to represent the unaspirated unvoiced consonants, and unvoiced letters to represent the aspirated unvoiced consonants. For example, the b is pronounced as the unaspirated p in English, and the p is pronounced as the aspirated p in English.

m,f,n,l,h

前四个拼音与英文中对应的发音完全一致。h为清软腭擦音，即西班牙语里的h。不过，中国南方地区的普通话也会将其读作英语里的h。
The first four pinyin sounds are exactly the same as their English counterparts. The h is a voiceless velar fricative, which is the h in Spanish. However, Mandarin in southern China also pronounces it as the h in English.

z/c,s

前两个分别是英语中不送气和送气的ts,最后一个与英语中的s相同。 The first two are the ts for unaspirated and aspirated in English, respectively, and the last one is the same as the s in English.

j/q,x

前两个更像日语里的chi(ち)，同样也是一个不送气一个送气。最后一个更像日语里的shi(し)。中国的部分流行歌手会故意把这三个音发成zh/ch,sh，这是比较有争议的发音改动。
The first two are more like the Japanese word for chi (ち), which is also an unaspirated and an aspirated. The last one is more like the Japanese word for shi(し). Some Chinese pop singers will deliberately pronounce these three sounds as zh/ch,sh, which is a more controversial pronunciation change.

zh/ch,sh/r

虽然不是同一个音标，但是第一对会更像英语里的tʃ，就像Church里的ch一样，也是一个不送气一个送气。
Although it is not the same phonetic alphabet, the first pair will be more like the tʃ in English, like the ch in Church, one is one without aspiration and one aspirated.

第二对则更像英语里的ʃ和ʒ，sh比较像英语share里的sh，r比较像英语里measure中s的发音。需要注意的是，这只是近似的音标。它们正确的音标应该是tʂ tʂʰ ʂ和ʐ。
The second pair is more like the ʃ and ʒ in English, the sh is more like the sh in share, and the r is more like the s in measure. It is important to note that this is only an approximate phonetics. Their correct phonetics should be tʂ, tʂh, ʂ and ʐ.

y(i-),w(u-)

当韵母i u或者韵头为i- u-的韵母单独作为一个音节时，它们会被写作y和w。它们和英语里y w的发音几乎一样。
When the vowels i u or the vowels with the medial i- u- are used as a single syllable, they are written as y and w. They are almost identical to the y and w pronunciations in English.

a,o,e,i,u,ü

这六个是汉语中的单韵母。
These six are the single vowels in Chinese.

a o i与日语中的a o i相同。不过，日常发音中的o更偏向于uo，即使是与声母组合时（如bo po mo fo）也如此。此外，i在zi ci si中的发音更靠后（ɨ），在zhi chi shi ri中的发音具有卷舌（ɨ˞）。这两者的声音听起来可能会比较像日语的u。
a o i is the same as a o i in Japanese. However, the o in everyday pronunciation is more likely to be uo, even when combined with initials (e.g. bo, po, mo, fo). In addition, the i is pronounced more back in zi, ci, si(ɨ), and the pronunciation in zhi chi shi ri has a curly tongue (ɨ˞). The sound of both may sound more like the Japanese u.

e在单独出现时的发音为ɤ，这个发音有点像cup中的u。u的发音与英语who中的原因相同。ü的发音同法语的u或者德语的ü，这个拼音在同j q x组合时会写作u，单独作为一个音节时会写作yu，只有在同n l组合时才会写为ü。这种情况在日常打字及本录音表中会记作v。
The e is pronounced ɤ when it appears alone, which is a bit like the u in cup. The pronunciation of u is the same as in the English who. The pronunciation of ü is the same as the French u or the German ü, and this pinyin is written as u when combined with j, q and x, and yu when it is used as a syllable alone, which is only written as ü when combined with n and l. This is noted as v in everyday typing and in this recording sheet.

ai,ei,ui,ao,ou,iu

这些双元音在英语中都可以找得到。ai的发音就像字母I，ei的发音就像字母A，ao的发音就像now中的ow，不过a的发音更靠后（ɑ），ou的发音就像字母O。ui和iu实质上是uei和iou的缩写。uei的发音类似way，而iou的发音则更像yogurt的第一个音节（jəu-gət）。请注意，它与字母U或者英语you的发音（ju:）不同。
These diphthongs can be found in English. ai is pronounced like the letter I, ei is pronounced like the letter A, ao is pronounced like ow in now, but the a is pronounced more back (ɑ), and ou is pronounced like the letter O. ui and iu are essentially abbreviations of uei and iou. uei is pronounced like way, while iou is pronounced more like the first syllable of yogurt (jəu-gət). Note that it is not the same as the letter U or the English pronunciation of you (ju:).

ie,üe,er

e在前两个拼音中的发音类似bed中的e。ie的发音与yes中的ye相同，而üe的发音就是由ü滑向e。er是儿化音，发音类似better里的er。此外，由于这里不会发生u ü混淆，因此录音表中将üe写作ue，即使在lue nue中也是如此。
The pronunciation of e in the first two pinyin is similar to the e in bed. The ie is pronounced the same as the ye in yes, and the üe is pronounced from ü to e. er is a rhotic sound, which is pronounced like the er in better. Also, since the u ü confusion does not occur here, the üe is written as ue in the recording sheet, even in lue nue.

an,en,in,un,ün

这几个是前鼻音，它们分别是对应的韵母同n结合而成的。需要注意的是，en中的e在这里发ə的音，类似London的第二个音节。而un是uen的缩写，它的发音更像是轻读时的when。此外，由于l n不会在常用音节中与ün结合，录音表中的ün均被写为un。
These are prenasal sounds, and they are formed by combining the corresponding finals with n, respectively. It should be noted that the e in en is pronounced ə here, similar to the second syllable of London. And un is an abbreviation of uen, and its pronunciation is more like when when pronounced lightly. In addition, since l n is not combined with ün in common syllables, ün in the Reclist is written as un.

需要注意的是，当an与i- ü-组合时，a的发音将变为ɛ，更像dress中的e。不过，同u-组合的时候不会发生这种音变。此外，由于l n不会在常用音节中与üan结合，录音表中的üan均被写为uan。
It should be noted that when an is combined with i- and ü-, the pronunciation of a will change to ɛ, more like the e in dress. However, this change does not occur when combined with u-. In addition, since l n is not combined with üan in common syllables, üan in the Reclist is written as uan.

ang,eng,ing,ong

这几个是后鼻音，它们分别是对应的韵母同ng结合而成的。需要注意的是，ang中的a在这里发ɑ的音，像tongue不过口型更大，eng中的e在这里发ə的音，像melancholy中的第二个音节，ong中的o在这里发ʊ的音。
These are post-nasal sounds, and they are formed by combining the corresponding finals with ng, respectively. It should be noted that the a in ang pronounces ɑ here, like a tongue but the mouth is more open, the e in eng pronounces ə here, like the second syllable in melancholy, and the o in ong pronounces ʊ here.